COURSE UNIT TITLE

: LASERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS II

DEGREE PROGRAMMES

Description of Individual Course Units

Course Unit Code Course Unit Title Type Of Course D U L ECTS
ETE 3046 LASERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS II ELECTIVE 2 0 0 4

Offered By

Faculty of Engineering

Level of Course Unit

First Cycle Programmes (Bachelor's Degree)

Course Coordinator

PROFESSOR DOCTOR HAMDI ŞÜKÜR KILIÇ

Offered to

Electrical and Electronics Engineering (English)
Mechanical Engineering (Evening)
Mechanical Engineering
Computer Engineering (English)
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Course Objective

The main objective of this course is to provide students with the skills to evaluate the interaction between Electromagnetic Waves (EMW) and materials and production as well as manipulation, organization and use of EMWs. Students will gain the ability to produce sustainable solutions in their future professional careers how to manage EMW for several/different purposes such as materials processings, productions, analysis as well as developing EMW based technologies.

Learning Outcomes of the Course Unit

1   Explain the operating principles and design characteristics of various passive optical resonators, including Fabry-Perot, confocal, and unstable resonator configurations, and analyze their stability and mode behavior.
2   Describe and evaluate different laser pumping mechanisms, including optical, electrical, and diode-based systems, and assess their efficiency and suitability for various laser types.
3   Analyze continuous-wave and pulsed laser operations using rate equations and threshold conditions for four-level and quasi-three-level lasers, and explain the mechanisms of single-mode selection and multimode behavior.
4   Understand and apply advanced laser techniques such as Q-switching, mode-locking, and frequency conversion, including their physical principles, implementation methods, and performance limitations.
5   Identify and compare major laser types (solid-state, dye, semiconductor, gas, and free-electron lasers), their emission characteristics, operational regimes, and application areas in scientific and industrial contexts.

Mode of Delivery

Face -to- Face

Prerequisites and Co-requisites

None

Recomended Optional Programme Components

None

Course Contents

Week Subject Description
1 Passive Optical Resonators Introduction Plane Parallel (Fabry-Perot) Resonator. Concentric (Spherical) Resonator Confocal Resonator. . Generalized Spherical Resonator. Ring Resonator . Eigenmodes and Eigenvalues . Photon Lifetime and Cavity Q. Stability Condition.
2 Passive Optical Resonators Stable Resonators Resonators with Infinite Aperture Eigenmodes Eigenvalues Standing and Traveling Waves in a Two-Mirror Resonator Effects of a Finite Aperture Dynamically and Mechanically Stable Resonators Unstable Resonators Geometric Optics Description Wave Optics Description Advantages and Disadvantages of Hard-Edge Unstable Resonators Unstable Resonators with Variable-Reflectivity Mirrors
3 Pumping Processes Introduction Optical Pumping by an Incoherent Light Source. Pumping Systems. Pump Light Absorption . Pump Efficiency and Pump Rate. Laser Pumping ....... . Laser-Diode Pumps.. Pump Transfer Systems Longitudinal Pumping.. Transverse Pumping.. Pump Rate and Pump Efficiency. Threshold Pump Power for Four-Level and Quasi-Three-Level Lasers Comparison between Diode Pumping and Lamp Pumping.
4 Pumping Processes Electrical Pumping Electron Impact Excitation. Electron Impact Cross Section Thermal and Drift Velocities. Electron Energy Distribution. Ionization Balance Equation. Scaling Laws for Electrical Discharge Lasers. Pump Rate and Pump Efficiency.
5 Continuous Wave Laser Behavior Introduction. Rate Equations Four-Level Laser Quasi-Three-Level Laser Threshold Conditions and Output Power: Four-Level Laser Space-Independent Model. Space-Dependent Model Threshold Condition and Output Power: Quasi-Three-Level Laser Space-Independent Model. Space-Dependent Model Optimum Output Coupling. Laser Tuning . Reasons for Multimode Oscillation
6 Single-Mode Selection Single-Transverse-Mode Selection Single-Longitudinal-Mode Selection. Fabry-Perot Etalons as Mode-Selective Elements Single-Mode Selection in Unidirectional Ring Resonators.
7 Frequency Pulling and Limit to Monochromaticity Laser Frequency Fluctuations and Frequency Stabilization . Intensity Noise and Intensity Noise Reduction Conclusions.
8 Midterm Exam
9 Transient Laser Behavior Introduction Relaxation Oscillations.. Dynamic Instabilities and Pulsations in Lasers Q-Switching Dynamics of the Q-Switching Process. Q-Switching Methods Electrooptical Q-Switching . Rotating Prisms. Acoustooptic Q-Switches . Saturable Absorber Q-Switch. Operating Regimes.
10 Theory of Active Q-Switching. Gain Switching Mode Locking Frequency-Domain Description Time-Domain Picture. Mode-Locking Methods . Active Mode Locking. Passive Mode Locking Role of Cavity Dispersion in Femtosecond Mode-Locked Lasers. Phase Velocity, Group Velocity, and Group-Delay Dispersion. Limitation on Pulse Duration Due to Group-Delay Dispersion. Dispersion Compensation.
11 Solid-State, Dye, and Semiconductor Lasers. Solid-State Lasers . Ruby Laser . Neodymium Lasers. Nd:YAG Laser Nd:Glass Laser Other Crystalline Hosts. Yb:YAG Laser. Er:YAG and Yb:Er:Glass Lasers. Tm:Ho:YAG Laser. Fiber Lasers. Alexandrite Laser. Titanium Sapphire Laser. Cr:LiSAF and Cr:LiCAF Lasers.
12 Dye Lasers ..... Photophysical Properties of Organic Dyes Characteristics of Dye Lasers Semiconductor Lasers . Principle of Semiconductor Laser Operation Homojunction Lasers. Double-Heterostructure Lasers. Quantum Well Lasers Laser Devices and Performances. Distributed Feedback and Distributed Bragg Reflector Lasers. Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers Semiconductor Laser Applications.
13 Gas, Chemical, Free-Electon, and X-Ray Lasers Gas Lasers Neutral Atom Lasers. Helium Neon Laser. Copper Vapor Laser. Ion Lasers Argon Laser. He-Cd Laser. Molecular Gas Lasers. CO2 Laser. CO Laser Nitrogen Laser. Excimer Lasers Chemical Lasers Free-Electron Lasers . X-Ray Lasers ...
14 Properties of Laser Beams Monochromaticity First-Order Coherence Degree of Spatial and Temporal Coherence Measurement of Spatial and Temporal Coherence. Relation between Temporal Coherence and Monochromaticity. Nonstationary Beams Spatial and Temporal Coherence of Single-Mode and Multimode Lasers. Spatial and Temporal Coherence of a Thermal Light Source.
15 Laser Beam Transformation: Propagation, Amplification, Frequency Conversion, Pulse Compression, and Pulse Expansion Spatial Transformation: Propagation of a Multimode Laser Beam Amplitude Transformation: Laser Amplification Examples of Laser Amplifiers: Chirped-Pulse-Amplification Frequency Conversion: Second-Harmonic Generation and Parametric Oscillation. Physical Picture Second Harmonic Generation. Parametric Oscillation.

Recomended or Required Reading

To be announced.

Planned Learning Activities and Teaching Methods

Students are expected to attend classes regularly. Attendance will be evaluated at the end of the semester.
Lecture notes, presentations and additional resources will be made available to students via SAKAI. Students are advised to review the course materials in advance.
Assignments are due on the specified dates.

Assessment Methods

SORTING NUMBER SHORT CODE LONG CODE FORMULA
1 MTE MIDTERM EXAM
2 ASG ASSIGNMENT
3 FIN FINAL EXAM
4 FCG FINAL COURSE GRADE MTE * 0.25 + ASG * 0.25 + FIN * 0.50
5 RST RESIT
6 FCGR FINAL COURSE GRADE (RESIT) MTE * 0.25 + ASG * 0.25 + RST * 0.50


Further Notes About Assessment Methods

None

Assessment Criteria

To be announced.

Language of Instruction

English

Course Policies and Rules

To be announced.

Contact Details for the Lecturer(s)

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi
Mühendislik Fakültesi
Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü
Merkez Yerleşkesi
35390 Buca/IZMIR
E-mail: hamdisukur.kilic@deu.edu.tr

Office Hours

To be announced.

Work Placement(s)

None

Workload Calculation

Activities Number Time (hours) Total Work Load (hours)
Lectures 10 2 20
Practice (Reflection) 4 2 8
Preparations before/after weekly lectures 14 2 28
Preparation for midterm exam 1 6 6
Preparing assignments 1 15 15
Preparation for final exam 1 6 6
Midterm 1 2 2
Final 1 2 2
Project Assignment 1 2 2
TOTAL WORKLOAD (hours) 89

Contribution of Learning Outcomes to Programme Outcomes

PO/LOPO.1PO.2PO.3PO.4PO.5PO.6PO.7PO.8PO.9PO.10PO.11
LO.13
LO.2332
LO.344
LO.4444
LO.5443

CONTACT INFORMATION
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Cumhuriyet Bulvarı No: 144 35210 Alsancak / İZMİR
Phone: +90(232) 412 12 12 - Fax: +90 (232) 464 81 35

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